Problems And Solutions Of Urbanization Environmental Sciences Essay

Problems And Solutions Of Urbanization environmental Sciences EssayThe meaning of urbanization kindle be basically described as the expansion of cities by encompassing the coun cause-style areas in it. Urbanization is non just physically growth. Also, it contains world and social and economic structure. The urban growth generally has been caused by immigrations. most of these immigrations are d whizz from rural areas to urban areas. Sometimes it can be seen from countries to countries. The reasons of migration can be coherent as economic, technologic and sociological. The urbanization has positive sides as well as negative. The major advantage of urbanization is economic development. The cities supply much facilities to its citizens with bulky amount of proficient equipments. On the otherwise hand, negative sides follow the technological and economical development. All forms of pollution development together with growth of race. Traffic congestion overly starts to seen i n the develop countries. Housing businesss accrue due to population access from rural areas to urban areas. The whole of company is affected by urbanization. All of these negative sides can be arranged as the problems of urbanization.The problems of urbanization contain to be addressed. In this developing world, nobody can stop the growth of population. However, if urban areas could be developed with a good method like sustainability, the problems of urbanization would be single-minded. Sustainability means the ability of sustain aboutthing. In other words, think of the future and make a plan. The aim of it is hold back some problems which pull up stakes be faced in the future. If the cities are developed regarding to policy of sustainable development, the problems of urbanization can be met.In the last centuries, the urbanization had been got an un withstandled phase. The huge amounts of great deal migrate to cities from rural areas. There are some(prenominal) causes of i t. The major causes of urbanization can be arranged as economic, technologic, politic and psycho-sociological.People, who have been living in the rural areas, tend to migrate to cities because of economic factors. Specially, in the developed countries, there is vast amount of disparity between peasants income and civics income. So, the people who have been living in the rural areas immigrate to cities to increase their incomes. Besides, people immigrate to live more comfortable and for education.Firstly, population problem arises in urbanization. The balance of the population between rural areas and cities starts to grow up. While the cities are expanding, the farmland starts to destroy. In the rural areas, life is more difficult than the life, in the cities. Transportation, communication, technological needs are everlastingly difficult to benefit in the rural areas. Therefore, people counterpane towards cities.All types of pollution can be seen easily in the urbanization. Air po llution, irrigate pollution, noise pollution, light pollution and solid product waste are the briny pollutions which are change magnitude correspond to urbanization. Because of the population growth, the air out quality decreases in the urban areas. The trucks, railway cars, factories always exhaust a huge amount of carbon dioxide in a day to the air. The number of truck, car, and factory are raised parallel to people population. As population growth in cities, the demand of clean water increase. Sometimes the local authority cannot supply enough clean water to citizen due to high population. So, the water pollution occurs in the urban areas. The other pollution is noise pollution. In our daily life everybody use their cars, especially in the cities, car noise is the simplest example for noise pollution. The noise could be created by cars, people, factories, construction sites. Because of noisy environment, people have been less fertile and uncreative in their professional life . Again, all of them are connected with population growth. Light pollution causes to loss of electricity energy as well as environmental pollution. This also creates a problem for the future. By using more energy to use lights, the sources for electricity go down. This is the main problem of urbanization, unsustainable development. In the developing countries, solid product waste is another problem in the youthful years. High population always need more supply. Sanitation should be always kept on high for public health. Whole pollutions act a very important role in gentle life. Pollution creates different type of disasters.According to P.S. Brandon, P.L. Lombardi V. Bentivegna (1997, p. 134) China is one of the cities which is faced with environmental degradation, in the world. Environmental degradation covers both its air and water. To improve this environmental degradation governments develop some strict laws. peeing pollution, air pollution, noise pollution and the other envi ronmental degradations can be met by policy of environmental protection law.The other problem which occurs in the cities because of urbanization is work congestion. Using a private car has become very common in the world. Everybody prefers to use their cars to simply their life. It seems especially in the urbanization countries. This perspective creates occupation congestion. Besides, with this problem, it causes more energy usage, time loss and makes people nervous. To decrease the traffic congestion, the governments find some possible solutions. Public deportation is the most common solution to prevent traffic congestion. The developing cities should promote more sustainable products, vehicles, buildings to save more energy for future generations. According to S. M. Wheeler and T. Beatley (2004, p.98) to prevent the traffic congestion, traffic calming is the process of slowing down traffic to create safer, conductive to pedestrians, cyclists and residential life. With this p reference solution, the air and noise pollution will be reduced. Also, the fuel consumption will be reduced. The cities will be more sustain by traffic calming method. Energy will be salve by this way. Roads will be used safely. Briefly, this method will be solved one of this urbanization problem, traffic congestion.As list of my essay, third problem of the urbanization is trapping. Because of large amount of migrants, trapping problem has been increasing day to day in cities. The migrants who migrate from rural areas to cities create a problem. These migrants try to find suitable accommodation for them. Unfortunately, due to the low income of migrants, it is impossible to find an accommodation by tenable price. There are large amount of flats, houses and buildings to live in cities. However, the accommodation price is large as well as amount of accommodation. People start to live unsuitable buildings in cities after migration. The migrants ensure old and inconvenient accommoda tion to survive their life. This creates another problem, which is called visual pollution. Besides, several diseases can easily spread into cities. According to Mark, Gordon, Peter Ron (2007, p. 362) groups of buildings or building stocks is the useful method to over to the management of social housing stock. The governments have some policy to over to the management of social housing stock. If policy of housing always applies, the housing problem can be solved by this policy.Fourthly, suffering of societies can be counted as a problem of urbanization. Urbanization effect on societies is the other problem. Fundamentally, this problem is the result of other problems, pollution, traffic congestion and housing. Because of these problems, peoples welfare goes down. The societies feel bed. This problem can be solved after other problems solutions.As a result of, urbanization is created by people and can be solved again by people. The main reason of urbanization is unbalanced income bet ween peasant and civic. In the other worlds, urbanization is expansion of cities and contraction of farmland. According to Philip M. Hauser Leo F. Schnore (1967, p. 1) the reasons to emergence of cities are the size of total population, the control of natural environment, technological development and developments in social organization. The major triggering factor of developing cities is technology. Technology should be used correctly. Even if cannot be used correctly or without caring future, it cause some problems such(prenominal) as urbanization. Urbanization has lots of negative sides. In case, urbanization control by policy of sustainable development. The brief meaning of sustainable development is deliberate developing. The problems which occur due to urbanization can be solved with caring future. And developing some rules or policies by governments will prevent problems of urbanization. For example, to prevent the environmental pollution that contains air pollution, water p ollution, noise pollution, visual pollution and solid wastes can be decreased by making lawful to sustainable development. On the other hand, increasing the number of public transportation with reasonable price can raise the demand of using public transportation. Besides, the fuel consumption, noise and air pollution can be solved by this way. Also, traffic congestion can be solved by developing the infrastructure of transportation facilities. For the other problem, housing problem, governments can apply strict rules to prevent housing problems which is occur because of immigrations from rural areas to cities. If all these problems are solved, automatically, the last problem, effect of urbanization on societies can be disappeared.

A History Of Air Pollution In Pietermaritzburg Environmental Sciences Essay

A History Of occupation Pollution In Pietermaritzburg Environmental Sciences EssayThere is enough scientific evidence from various sources to musical accompaniment the circumstance that Pietermaritzburg is plagued by pass around defilement, which is worsened by the topography of the city. There is also much research proving the cogitate surrounded by glory contaminant and bronchial asthma. Recent trials show, that not moreover does air contamination exacerbate asthma, it provide actually clear asthma. However, there needs to be barely research and trials done to scientifically heighten this point. Medical statistics be extremely hard to come by in South Africa, which makes proving the link between air pollution causing asthma difficult. However, there is substantial evidence showe how air pollution triggers asthma attacks and makes them more severe. get off Pollution in Pietermaritzburg History Past to Present dayAir pollution in Pietermaritzburg is not a new problem . There argon over two-hundred newspaper articles in the Witness Newspaper Archives, dating back from the 1980s to present day, reporting on this issue. Old and menstruation photographs of the city often show smog hanging over Pietermaritzburg. In the past, air pollution was caused principally by cooking burnings. However, todays pollution has the added toxicity of man-made pollution from factories and aim vehicles (Banfield, 1992). Twenty percent of Pietermaritzburg residents are affected by air pollution compared to five percent elsewhere in South Africa (Banfield, 1992). Pietermaritzburgs air is monitored by the Msunduzi Municipality, which has recorded that the citys air contains the following pollutants particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen (oxides), ozone, carbon monoxide and many early(a) harmful gases (Anthony, Nov 2007 and June 2007).Figure 1 Showing the smog formation over Pietermaritzburg (The Witness Newspaper, 28 June 2008)(Wilson, 2008) localization princi ple of PietermaritzburgPietermaritzburg, owing to bad town planning, has all of its main fabrication and landfill site in the citys bowl. This has resulted in a worsening of air pollution. The N3 highway runs straight through the heart of Pietermaritzburg, as the enactment of large trucks and vehicles increase, so do the emissions from these vehicles. The timber plantations on the escarpment of the citys basin and sugar plantations on the hilltops, add to the pollution in Pietermaritzburg as these plantations need to be burnt as routine farming practice. (Anthony, Nov 2007 and June 2007)Pietermaritzburgs geographical position in a valley causes a temperature eversion to occur. A temperature inversion is not a normal phenomenon, it only occurs in a valley (such as Pietermaritzburg) and the effect is worsened in winter. The cold air sinks prevail over the sides of the valley and outrides on the base of the valley frost may form here. The warm air (along with pollutants) then rises and stops half way up the valley slope to form a thermal belt. This belt traps pollutants and enhances their bad properties and negative health impacts, as the pollutants are not able to escape and they remain over the city and cause health hazardous smog to form.The diagrams below show the effect of the Temperature anastrophe in Pietermaritzburg(Sherriffs, 1989)Major Contributors of Air PollutionThe major contributors of air pollution in Pietermaritzburg are emissions from labor, motor vehicles, fires at the landfill site and the burning of timber plantations and sugarcane plantations (Anthony, Nov 2007 and June 2007). Major industry, such as FFS Refiners, is guilty of adding to the pollution problem of Pietermaritzburgs air.Below are two graphs showing two of the major pollutants specific to the triggering and callosity of asthmaFigure 2 Graph showing the daily averages and acceptable level (in red) of Particulate Matter (air pollution) in Pietermaritzburgs air(Anthony , Nov 2007 and June 2007)Figure 3 Graph showing the daily averages and acceptable level (in red) of Carbon Monoxide (air pollution) in Pietermaritzburgs air(Anthony, Nov 2007 and June 2007)In both graphs pollutants exceed the acceptable national pollution guidelines (highlighted in red) in the months of June and July (winter months) this is owing to the temperature inversion which worsens the pollution problem.Health ProblemsAsthma is a chronic health correct, which causes inflammation and narrowing of the lungs airways, which causes obstacle in breathing for the patient and the patient may develop a dry, wheezy cough. Pollutants cause the limitation of the airways, as the pollution particles aggravate the airways of the lungs.Dr R.Gilbert, a general practitioner in Pietermaritzburg with an interest in asthma, conjures that the number of asthma patients that he treats is much higher than one would expect to find in a town the size of Pietermaritzburg. Dr Gilbert mentioned that Dr W.Robates, an ENT specialist, and Dr A.F.Jooma, a paediatrician, supported his views that the air pollution in Pietermaritzburg is a very truly problem, which, without doubt, has a significant effect on the control and severity of asthma.He also states that many of his patients who retract Pietermaritzburg for significant lengths of time and then return often do not suffer from their asthma condition while out of the city. However, on returning, their allergies and asthma symptoms reoccur (Gilbert, 2010, Robates, 2010 and Jooma, 2010).In a telephonic interview with Umbalica Balrashie, the regional gross revenue manager for Glaxo Smith Kline, a leading pharmaceutical company which promotes asthma products, information was provided noting that the three highest gross revenue areas for asthma medication in Kwa-Zulu Natal are Richards Bay, Durban South and Pietermaritzburg. Both Richards Bay and Durban South are highly industrialised areas with significant air pollution emissions , when compared to Pietermaritzburg but owing to Pietermaritzburgs temperature inversion, the pollutants are intensified and therefore, the triggering and severity of asthma attacks in Pietermaritzburg are equal to these two industrialised areas (Balrashie, 2010).Community Views and IssuesMany residents in Pietermaritzburg go for complained about the issue of air pollution in the city. In the year 1993, Pietermaritzburg residents spent nearly R1,5 meg on asthma medication, stating that the citys pollution has significantly contributed to these costs (Quinlain, 1993). There have been many cases reported of families paltry to Pietermaritzburg, and developing asthma or suffering from worsening existing asthma conditions, simply owing to the scene and intensity of the citys air pollution, which is enhanced and worsened by the temperature inversion.Residents in Pietermaritzburg have complained continuously about the state of the citys air. However, the Msunduzi Municipality have don e little about the pollution levels, as these levels of emissions are under the accepted and efficacious levels during most of the year. What the municipality has failed to promote to National presidency is the fact that Pietermaritzburg is situated in a valley which causes a temperature inversion, ultimately worsening the levels of pollutants hanging above the city (in smog). This results in the pollutants organism trapped over Pietermaritzburg. pains and the Local organisations RoleIndustry is trustworthy for the output of toxic emissions, which need to be monitored.Local Government need to take a more stringent and committed stance in relation to industry emission levels.The organisation needs to create awareness about air pollution and its negative health effects. Car emissions are great contributors to health problems (such as asthma). Pollution warning dusts have been taught to the public in the United country (UK) by the political science. South Africa needs to do the same (Hutton, 2010). The South African government has recently (March 2010) invested in a new air quality monitor system (ODonnell, 2010), which monitors the amount of pollutants in the air and the quality of air (whether good or bad). The major areas of concern that need air-quality assessment and monitoring include transportation areas such as highway routes and main roads, urban areas, municipalities and local community exposure. (ODonnell, 2010) this suggests that Pietermaritzburg should be monitored closely along the main highway through the city and where industry is situated.However, for this to be successful, the local government needs to maintain the monitoring system and it costs a lot of money. This maintenance of the monitoring system needs to be put into South Africas yearly budget for the municipalities. National government needs to constantly assess the problematic pollution cities, such as Pietermaritzburg. This monitoring system should show improvement in the air. If not, the government can ascertain from the monitoring system which pollutants are most rife and where they are being emitted from. National government, together with Local government, could then work on strategies to lower the toxic emissions which ultimately cause health problems.SolutionsN3 Highway The N3 highway is a problem as heavy duty trucks create gigantic emissions. The railroads should be reintroduced to transport containers from Durban Harbour to Johannesburg. This would dramatically reduce the number of big trucks on the highway and as they often travel in the early hours of the morning, air pollution would be reduced as the temperature inversion is most significant in the early hours of the morning.Industry Local Government needs to work with industry in Pietermaritzburg to improve the amount of emissions that factories produce. As discussed, in an interview with Mr J.Pather, the Head of Environmental Health serve at Msunduzi Municipality, industry have complied i n many instances to reduce emissions. From information supplied by Mr C.J.Anthony, Pollution dominate Coordinator at Msunduzi Municipality, many specific air pollution issues have been dealt with. For example, Greys hospitals oil furnace has been replaced with paraffin (Anthony, Nov 2007 and June 2007). No further industry should be built in the citys bowl, this will contain the present air pollution.Pietermaritzburgs New England Landfill turn up The New England Landfill Site needs to be go out of the citys bowl. The particulate fall out is impossible and because of the temperature inversion, the pollution emissions are worsened. The municipality has attempted to improve conditions but the fact is that the landfill site needs to be moved elsewhere.Burning There are strict regulations concerning the burning of forests and sugarcane. These need to be monitored and implemented to prevent fire emissions in the wrong seasons.Monitoring National Government needs to work closely with L ocal Government and provide funds which will allow the municipality to upgrade and maintain air pollution monitoring equipment.Constraints sparing Msunduzi Municipality is in a crisis. The control of air pollution is a low priority at present.It would be a huge expense to fix railroads and to move the Landfill Site.Pietermaritzburg lacks both funds and skills to drive the concept of easy air.Environmental Pietermaritzburg is surrounded by timber plantations and sugarcane farms. This cannot be changed.ConclusionIt is scientifically proven that air pollution triggers and increases the severity of asthma attacks. The link between air pollution and asthma is an accepted fact by specialists throughout the world. In recent years scientists have shown that air pollution from cars, factories and power plants is a major cause of asthma attacks. Further research is currently underway in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA) to prove this theory.Pietermaritzburg has h igh levels of particulate matter and ozone which are two pollutants directly responsible for the triggering of asthma attacks. The temperature inversion in Pietermaritzburg is a known geographical fact which worsens the pollution significantly. It is therefore scientifically correct to state that air pollution in Pietermaritzburg is worsened by the temperature inversion and this air pollution triggers and worsens asthma attacks.

Full-Scale Fatigue Testing using the Resonance Method

Full-Scale Fatigue interrogatory using the ringing Method conjoinWelding is a subroutine that is employed to join two distinct pieces of the same coat or remove any unwanted material from coats. In other words, the weld behind be broadly discussed as the forging of two het up(p) metals by employing electrode which acts as a slag and prevents the atmospheric contamination. The art of weld began when man started forging tools from metals. The first form of weld that was available to existence was metal forging by pounding a metal until they argon fused together. 1Types of WeldingWe live in a world where we rat fuse a metal and separate a single metal into many components. There are many available methods of welding to happen upon this objective. They cave in all been evolved from the idea of forging and have a mettlesome influence in the human survival. Some of the different types of welding that are been used are Oxy-Acetylene gas weldingShielded metal curtain call wel ding (SMAW) heavy weapon tungsten arc welding (GTAW)Electroslag welding (ESW)Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)Submerged arc welding (SAW) magnetised pulse welding (MPW)Electric resistance welding (ERW)Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW)laser beam welding andelectron beam welding 2Weld GeometryWelding two metals depends on a numerous factor much(prenominal) as type of joints, type of welds, groove face, root face, root edge, vernacular angle, depth of bevel, groove angle, groove face, groove radius, and root opening. Based on all these factors there are nine categories of welds. They areGroove Welds slew or Slot WeldsSpot or excrescence WeldsBack or Backing WeldsFlanged WeldsFillet WeldsStud WeldsSeam WeldsSurfacing Welds 3 suppose 2 Type of Weld view 1 Type of joint pick up 3 Process of a) Spot Welding b) Seam welding c) Projection WeldingTypes of FailureA metal component is always subjected to stresses and strain. They have an impact on the total life of the component. A flaw that can caus e disruption in the performance of a metal gives us an idea on the integrity of the metal. In case of welding the fault can occur in the area that has been welded. Based on the study, it is set that most of the misery in the welds occur due to wrong technique, military operation conditions, bad weld groves, incorrect consumables and operator error. The common types of failures that occurs in welding are due to hydrogen embrittlement and residual stresses. So, the type of welding failure that can affect the life of the metal component are firing strike cinchUndercutCold disperseingHot ginger snapCrater crackRoot and toe cracksHat crackUnderbead crackLamellar tearingLongitudinal crackGas inclusionReheat crackingDistortionInclusionsTransverse crackLack of fusion and incomplete acumen 4FatigueFatigue may be characterized as the weakening of metal caused by the frequent application of cyclic loading and unloading. It causes progressive geomorphological damage to the material. Th e labor specialty is defined as the maximum medium a material can exhibit without breaking is an important proportion that is employed to study the life cycle of the metal or the welded structure. The BS 7608 or DNV-RP-C203 gives us an idea about the fatigue strength to the utilize load for different weld geometry.Principle of Fatigue TestingResonance Method Testing is employed for the analysis of fatigue in welds. The surgery involves the excitation of the welded metal to be tested to its first mode of cycle by applying rotational radial force at one end. The rotational force causes a bending moment in its longitudinal axis vertebra of the welded metal with two nodal points without any deflection. The welded metal is supported at these points. act 4 Principle of resonance fatigue testing (in two dimensions).Figure 5 Bending-stress-profile-in-a-resonance-fatigue-test-specimen-with-a-circular-cross-sectionThis method is employed to calculate the bending stress in a metal. The resonant frequency depends on the mass and unfeelingness of the material. unremarkably the tests are conducted be mild the resonant frequency to control the stress and thereby regulating the strain and deflection. 5Figure 6 redolent(p)-response-of-specimen-deflection-controlled-by-changing-the-speed-of-rotation-of-the-excitation-force.Industrial ApplicationResonant Testing Machines is the commonly employed fatigue testing machine when compared to its counterpart Servo-hydraulic testing machines due to its advantages such as better efficiency, high frequency, low maintenance and cost. They are used for the fatigue analysis of aerospace and automotive fasteners, locomotive engine components, turbine blades, chains etc.Aerospace IndustryResonant test is employed in aerospace industry to study the fatigue strength of the composite materials such as Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP). They are employed to study the fatigue strength of aerospace fasteners such as bolts, screw, st uds and rivets. An aircraft uses an utmost 3 million fasteners with bolts fetching 25% and the rivets taking the rest. So, fatigue test is done to analyze the dependability of the fasteners to the repeated pressure and temperature cycles, variations in dynamic loads, and high vibration levels. 6Figure 7 Fatigue Toughness Testing with resistance heating tester. self-propelled IndustryResonant tests are being implemented in morphological dynamics lab in order to study the fatigue strength of high stiffness components such as the automotive components such as connecting rods, crankshafts, bolts, brackets, gear teeth, knuckle etc. The test duration is controlled by the stiffness of the material and the frequency can go high as up to 100 Hz. 7ReferenceThe_Procedure_Handbook_Of_Arc_Welding_742pages_1973.pdfOnline https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeldingOnline http//nearyou.imeche.org/docs/default-source/hong-kong-branch/1- 20.pdOnline https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding_defectOnline http/ /www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/job-knowledge/full-scale-fatigue-testing-using-the-resonance-method-141/Online http//www.fastenerandfixing.com/news/high-cycle-fatigue-evaluation-of-aerospace-fastenersOnlinehttps//www.araiindia.com/services_RnD_services_structural_dynamics_engineering_services.asp

Globalisation and the Concept of Global Citizenship

worldwideisation and the Concept of globular CitizenshipAs b exclusively- configurationdization promotes a free-flow of people, images and products crosswise subject boundaries, virtuallybodys will be more(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) delineate as global citizens and little pr adept to afraid(predicate) attitudes. Discuss. patch globalization promotes afree-flow of people, ideas, and products across discipline boundaries, itprovides opportunities to man-to-mans to become global citizens. However, timethis test will argue that this has made them slight wedded to afraid(predicate)attitudes, globalization has in any case had new(prenominal) impacts which may deal lone(prenominal)provoked xenophobic attitudes. This strive will assure the impact which globalization has had on respective(prenominal)s in the drawplace, chargeing on how Multi bailiwickCorporations read annexd the read for globally mobile employees, therefore chan ge magnitude their ethnical tidings along the way. The shew will alsoexplore employees earning inwardly global brass instruments who be non globallymobile, and the impact which globalisation has had on them. The magnificence of ethnic countersign will also be discussed along berth the growing focus ofscholars on global or global citizens, and finally, the essay willexamine xenophobia and the impact which globalisation has had upon xenophobicviews. globalisation is the foundation garmentand growth of products, people, information, and coin across borders and is an all- great(a) impact on the shape of depicted object identities and transactionhips (Ariely,2011). Arnett (2002) argues thatglobalisation is not just a historical touch on but is also a change in mind-setof citizens about the man and has confirmatively and sev terml(prenominal)times negativelyredefined national individualism and horticulture. In effect, globalisation defines theworld in which we live, and has changed the way in which citizens diagnosethemselves (Ariely, 2011 & Arnett, 2002). However, somewhat(prenominal) researchers haveargued that in the process globalisation has undermined national cultures and identicalness operator creating what is woful towards a whizz identity for all globalcitizens (Smith, 2007 & Held, McGrew & Perraton, 1999). Effectively,globalisation has been maneuver by frugal forces (Sideri, 1997. Pg.38) withthe actions and growth of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) furtheringglobalisation (Buckley & Ghauri, 2004). With MNCs comes the emergency for theretention and raptus of fellowship among run units and countries (Elenkov& Manev, 2009). Expatriates (Expats) be utilize by MNCs for three mainreasons to fill positions where no adequate pottydidate exists in the host sylvan, as an opportunity to prep atomic number 18 the dislodges skills, and almostimportantly to transfer important familiarity and corporeal culture from posit ion tohost countries (Collings et al, 2007). Within MNCs expats will spend a penny withpeople of umteen antithetical nationalities, and globalisation is only expeditingthe mobility required of conducts, therefore, the issue forth of cultures inwhich expatriates are working in and becoming accustomed to is increasing (Lee,2014). Lee (2014) argues that this is motion-picture visualise to new cultures has increasethe number of people which come upon as conditioned bi- heathens, and who feelaccustomed to 2 or more cultures after experiencing the identity negotiationprocess. The association and understanding of varied cultures that cosmos bi- ethnicbrings allows these individuals to adapt quick and become more adept to polar situations (Hong et al, 2000 & Lee, 2014). While individuals will largelyundergo an identity negotiation process when launching employment with a neworganisation, external carry out adds to this further (Lee, 2014).Sanchez et al (2000) inform that dur ing the readjustment process to workinginside a antithetical culture, an individual may become more attached to their crime syndicate unit, or alternatively, become more attached to their host unit. This tenderizing is essentially a process guide to pagan changes within theindividual after interacting with elements of incompatible cultures (Lee, 2014),and throw out be portrayed in a number of strategies by the individual when operatingin diverse cultures. This impacts their identification and adaptation withtheir home and host bucolic and burn down look at to positive outcomes however, two ofthe outcomes of acculturation can be marginalisation or separation, where anindividual does not identify with the host artless (Lee, 2014 & Berry,2005). An another(prenominal) possibleness of culture acquisition is the identity negotiationprocess, where when individuals attack a new culture question their determineand beliefs leading to a renegotiation of their take identity th roughexperimentation and reflectivity (Lee, 2014).While expats look to have the mostexperience with operating within contrastive cultures, globalisation has meantthat even individuals working within their home province can experience variant cultures too (Lee, 2014). Lee (2014) argues that individuals workingin organisations undergoing international mergers and acquisitions, as easy asthose with international subsidiaries can develop an understanding of contrarycultures. Experience of work within different international circumstances may leadindividuals to develop a great understanding of their own as healthful asdifferent ways of undertaking work (Lee, 2014). It is important to occupationhowever, that an individual who is globally mobile may not automatically checkthemselves to the culture of the country in which they are working. Asmentioned previously, outcomes of acculturation much(prenominal)(prenominal) as marginalisation orseparation can mean that the expatriate exhibits low attachment to the societyin which they are working. It could therefore be argued thatboth expatriation and working within a culturally assorted and internationalorganisation could develop an individuals global identity. Gupta andGovindarajan (2002) explain that a global identity is the awareness ofdifferent cultures and the openness to the integrating of these cultures tocreate a competitive advantage. Lee (2018) argues that this competence andadapt great power is urinateed through 3 steps the understanding of the individualsown culture and cultural lens, acquiring knowledge of other cultures, andimproving ones cultural tidings service. The picture to different culturesthrough international appointees and working within a global organisation canassist with the gaining of knowledge of different norms and set (Crowne,2008). This word picture to different cultures neednt just be through work either,Crowne (2008) argues that globalisation has allowed for picture to differentcultures through travel, study, and media such as tv set and film. Whilesome of these methods may have a great impact, they are all important to thedevelopment of an understanding of different cultures.Crowne (2008) argues that any exposureto different cultures is straight off associated with an individuals culturalintelligence, yet some methods of exposure such as expatriation, internationaleducation and travel have a greater impact. heathenish intelligence is defined asan individuals susceptibility to effectively adapt to new cultures and has been foundto have a positive impact on integration into multicultural teams (Earley,2002). Furthermore, employees with high cultural intelligence are able toadjust more easily to new cultures and show greater exercise withinmulticultural teams and tasks (Templer et al, 2006). heathen intelligence isinnate(p) through 4 main dimensions Cognitive gaining the knowledge of value andnorms of different cultures, Motivational the commitment to acquiring newknowledge and learn, Behavioural the ability to adapt to new culturalsituations, and Metacognitive the ability to admonisher ones self, and toadjust based on new experiences (Lee, 2018 & Ang et al, 2007).The importance of culturalintelligence cannot be underestimated, as it assists individuals with seeingpast the stereotypes and by chance xenophobic views of other cultures (Lee,2018). Furthermore, it stops an individual from casting judgement until all ofthe facts are know and available (Triandis, 2006 & Elenkov & Manev,2009). Interestingly, cultural intelligence is directly think to cross-culturalcompetence, which muffles the printing press that may be associated with haplingdifficult decisions in culturally different environments and can increaseseffectiveness (Elenkov & Manev, 2009). Of course, the cultural intelligenceof the volume of individuals will increase through international assignmentsand working within a global organisation. Elen kov & Manev (2009) furtherthis argument and explain that cultural intelligence is bouncy for managerswithin organisations. The terra firma project found that the lead stylesfavoured or pass judgment from country to country vary depending on the culturalvariables found in that context (Dorfman et al, 2002), and it can be seen thatthe cultural intelligence and adaptability of managers and individuals is vitalto their performance and effectiveness in different cultures (Elenkov &Manev, 2009). It can therefore be argued that the greater the culturalintelligence of an individual, the more understanding, aware and open theyshould be to different cultures and therefore less prone to xenophobicattitudes (Lee, 2014).The emerging concept of ecumenic global citizens is one still in debate. In its early conception,cosmopolitanism was seen to be an outlook which transcended national boundariesand complemented cultural intelligence (Woodward et al, 2008). The concept hasnow been real to inco rporate institutional, political, and culturaldimensions (Woodward et al, 2008). From a cultural perspective, mostresearchers have concur that cosmopolitanism can be seen as an openness todifferent cultures as well as the values and beliefs that they may hold.Woodward et al (2008) argue that while an individual does not need to beglobally mobile to hold cosmopolitan values, the cultural exposure thatexpatriates experience may assist them with gaining the attitudes and valuesassociated with cosmopolitanism (Lee, 2014). Furthermore, cosmopolitan citizensare seen to be more engaged with others that identify as cosmopolitan citizensand hold analogous worldviews (Lee, 2014). The concept therefore of acosmopolitan is that of an individual who defines themselves less as part of asingle national or cultural identity, and more as a global citizen who shouldbe less prone to xenophobic attitudes (Lee, 2014). This is supported by Ariely(2017) who showed that identifying as a cosmopolitan red uces xenophobicattitudes, a relationship which is moderated by the level of globalisation inthe individuals home country, with those exhibiting higher(prenominal) levels of globalisationdemonstrating a steadfaster negative relation between cosmopolitanism andxenophobic attitudes.The vocabulary definition ofxenophobia is the fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners, it is commonly aspect that the term overlaps with racism, however, xenophobic behaviour is basedon the idea that an individual is different due(p) to being a member of adifferent nation or cordial conclave (UNESCO, 2018). Ariely (2011) argues that theidea of xenophobia can be based on social identity theory which defines socialidentity as the differences between social groups with members feeling morestrongly associated to the group in which they belong. Xenophobic views aretherefore the issue of social groups such as nations and culture, beingdifferent from one other (Ariely, 2011). Interestingly, the results ofglobalisation such as the development of cosmopolitan citizens, bi-culturalsand individuals showing a strong cultural intelligence seems to show that globalisationis causing to choke towards a more homogenous global citizen identity, insteadof heterogeneous national identities (Ariely, 2011). Such superordinate wordidentities could reduce or eliminate differences between national identities,and therefore reduce xenophobic views. It is also important to recognisethat some research has shown globalisation to have the opposite effect, heighteningnationalistic identities and in turn peradventure causing xenophobic views againstthose seen with a different social or national identity (Ariely, 2011). Interestingly,Ariely (2011) found that in certain countries, while globalisation may decreasexenophobic attitudes in some people, it can increase them in others. While thisstudy was actually based on xenophobic views against immigrants it paints aninterest picture that globalisation can h ave legion(predicate) different impacts ondifferent people within the same country, and that context is incrediblyimportant (Ariely, 2011). There are also negative aspects to conduct such asthe accelerated flows of terrorism, which have only promoted xenophobicattitudes due to the placing of blame on the lack of national borders whichglobalisation has had a hand in bring down (Heine & Thakur, 2011).This essay explored the impactwhich globalisation has had upon individuals more or less the world. Whether acosmopolitan citizen, wise(p) or born bi-cultural, or an individual that has unquestionable a strong cultural intelligence, the ability to adapt and understandother cultures seems to reduce the self-control of xenophobic attitudes. The essayfound that as individuals gain a greater cultural intelligence, or identify ascosmopolitan or global citizens, they tend to identify less with their nationalculture/identity and identify more with a global identity. Using socialidentity th eory from Ariely (2011), it can therefore be argued that whilexenophobia is usually based on the differences between social, cultural, ornational groups the fact that more people are identifying as global citizensis minify the differences between these groups around the world, andtherefore reducing xenophobic attitudes.ReferencesAng, S., VanDyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K., Templer, K., Tay, C. and Chandrasekar, N. (2007).Cultural Intelligence Its touchstone and Effects on Cultural Judgment andDecision Making, Cultural accommodation and Task Performance. perplexity and government Review, 3(03), pp.335-371.Ariely, G.(2011). Globalization, immigration and national identity How the level ofglobalization affects the relations between nationalism, constructivepatriotism and attitudes toward immigrants? Group Processes & IntergroupRelations, 15(4), pp.539-557.Ariely, G.(2016). Global identification, xenophobia and globalisation A cross-nationalexploration. International diary of Psychology , 52, pp.87-96.Arnett, J.(2002). The psychology of globalization. American Psychologist, 57(10),pp.774-783.Berry, J.(2005). absorption Living successfully in two cultures. International daybook of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), pp.697-712.Buckley, P.and Ghauri, P. (2004). Globalisation, economical geography and the schema ofmultinational enterprises. diary of International Business Studies,35(2), pp.81-98.Collings,D., Scullion, H. and Morley, M. (2007). changing patterns of global staffing inthe multinational enterprise Challenges to the conventional expatriateassignment and emerging alternatives. Journal of World Business, 42(2),pp.198-213.Crowne, K.(2008). What leads to cultural intelligence? Business Horizons, 51(5),pp.391-399.Dorfman, P.House, R., Javidan, M., and Hanges, P. (2002). soul cultures andimplicit leading theories across the globe an introduction to projectGLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37(1), pp.3-10.Earley, P.(2002). Redefining interactions across culture s and organizations Movingforward with cultural intelligence. Research in Organizational Behavior,24, pp.271-299.Elenkov, D.and Manev, I. (2009). precedential expatriate leaderships effects on innovation andthe procedure of cultural intelligence. Journal of World Business, 44(4),pp.357-369.Gupta, A.and Govindarajan, V. (2002). Cultivating a global mindset. Academy of focusing Executive, 16(1), pp.116-126.Heine, J.and Thakur, R. (2018). The dark side of globalisation. onlineAvailable at https//www.cigionline.org/articles/dark-side-globalisation.Held, D. andMcGrew, A. (1999). Global Transformations. Cambridge Polity.Hong, Y.,Morris, M., Chiu, C. and Benet-Martnez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds Adynamic constructivist admittance to culture and cognition. AmericanPsychologist, 55(7), pp.709-720.Lee, H-J., (2018). Global Leadershipand Cultural Intelligence.Lee, H-J., (2014) Global leadershippractices a cross-cultural management perspective, London Palgrave MacmillanSanchez, J.,Specto r, P. and Cooper, C. (2000). Adapting to a boundaryless world Adevelopmental expatriate model. Academy of Management Perspectives,14(2), pp.96-106.Sideri, S.(1997). Globalisation and regional integration. The European Journal of DevelopmentResearch, 9(1), pp.38-82.Smith, A.D. (2007). Nationalism in refuse? In M. Young, E. Zuelow & A. drum(Eds.), Nationalism in a global era (pp. 1732). immature York, NYRoutledge.Templer, K.,Tay, C. and Chandrasekar, N. (2006). Motivational Cultural Intelligence, true-to-life(prenominal) Job Preview, Realistic Living Conditions Preview, and cross-culturalAdjustment. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), pp.154-173.Triandis, H.(2006). Cultural Intelligence in Organizations. Group & OrganizationManagement, 31(1), pp.20-26.UNESCO(2018). Xenophobia United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization. online Available at http//www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/xenophobia/.Woodward,I., Skrbis, Z. and Bean, C. (2008). Attitudes towards globalization andcosmopolitanism cultural diversity, personal intake and the nationaleconomy. The British Journal of Sociology, 59(2), pp.207-226.Globalisation and the Concept of Global CitizenshipGlobalisation and the Concept of Global CitizenshipAs globalisation promotes a free-flow of people, ideas and products across national boundaries, individuals will be more identified as global citizens and less prone to xenophobic attitudes. Discuss.While globalisation promotes afree-flow of people, ideas, and products across national boundaries, itprovides opportunities to individuals to become global citizens. However, whilethis essay will argue that this has made them less prone to xenophobicattitudes, globalisation has also had other impacts which may have onlyprovoked xenophobic attitudes. This essay will examine the impact whichglobalisation has had on individuals in the workplace, focusing on how MultinationalCorporations have incre ased the need for globally mobile employees, thereforeincreasing their cultural intelligence along the way. The essay will alsoexplore employees working within global organisations who are not globallymobile, and the impact which globalisation has had on them. The importance ofcultural intelligence will also be discussed on base the growing focus ofscholars on cosmopolitan or global citizens, and finally, the essay willexamine xenophobia and the impact which globalisation has had upon xenophobicviews.Globalisation is the introductionand growth of products, people, information, and money across borders and is animportant impact on the shape of national identities and relationships (Ariely,2011). Arnett (2002) argues thatglobalisation is not just a historical process but is also a change in mind-setof citizens around the world and has positively and sometimes negativelyredefined national identity and culture. In effect, globalisation defines theworld in which we live, and has changed the way in which citizens identifythemselves (Ariely, 2011 & Arnett, 2002). However, some researchers haveargued that in the process globalisation has undermined national cultures andidentity creating what is moving towards a single identity for all globalcitizens (Smith, 2007 & Held, McGrew & Perraton, 1999). Effectively,globalisation has been guided by economic forces (Sideri, 1997. Pg.38) withthe actions and growth of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) furtheringglobalisation (Buckley & Ghauri, 2004). With MNCs comes the need for theretention and transfer of knowledge between operating units and countries (Elenkov& Manev, 2009). Expatriates (Expats) are used by MNCs for three mainreasons to fill positions where no suitable candidate exists in the hostcountry, as an opportunity to develop the expatriates skills, and mostimportantly to transfer important knowledge and corporate culture from home tohost countries (Collings et al, 2007). Within MNCs expats will work withpeople of ma ny different nationalities, and globalisation is only expeditingthe mobility required of expatriates, therefore, the number of cultures inwhich expatriates are working in and becoming accustomed to is increasing (Lee,2014). Lee (2014) argues that this is exposure to new cultures has increasedthe number of people which identify as learned bi-culturals, and who feelaccustomed to 2 or more cultures after experiencing the identity negotiationprocess. The knowledge and understanding of different cultures that being bi-culturalbrings allows these individuals to adapt quickly and become more adept todifferent situations (Hong et al, 2000 & Lee, 2014). While individuals will generallyundergo an identity negotiation process when entering employment with a neworganisation, international experience adds to this further (Lee, 2014).Sanchez et al (2000) explain that during the adjustment process to workingwithin a different culture, an individual may become more attached to theirhome unit, or al ternatively, become more attached to their host unit. Thisacculturation is essentially a process leading to cultural changes within theindividual after interacting with members of different cultures (Lee, 2014),and can be portrayed in a number of strategies by the individual when operatingin different cultures. This impacts their identification and adaptation withtheir home and host country and can lead to positive outcomes however, two ofthe outcomes of acculturation can be marginalisation or separation, where anindividual does not identify with the host country (Lee, 2014 & Berry,2005). Another theory of culture acquisition is the identity negotiationprocess, where when individuals encounter a new culture question their valuesand beliefs leading to a renegotiation of their own identity throughexperimentation and reflection (Lee, 2014).While expats seem to have the mostexperience with operating within different cultures, globalisation has meantthat even individuals working within their home country can experiencedifferent cultures too (Lee, 2014). Lee (2014) argues that individuals workingin organisations undergoing international mergers and acquisitions, as well asthose with international subsidiaries can develop an understanding of differentcultures. Experience of work within different international contexts may leadindividuals to develop a greater understanding of their own as well asdifferent ways of undertaking work (Lee, 2014). It is important to notehowever, that an individual who is globally mobile may not automatically exposethemselves to the culture of the country in which they are working. Asmentioned previously, outcomes of acculturation such as marginalisation orseparation can mean that the expatriate exhibits low attachment to the societyin which they are working. It could therefore be argued thatboth expatriation and working within a culturally diverse and internationalorganisation could develop an individuals global identity. Gupta andGovinda rajan (2002) explain that a global identity is the awareness ofdifferent cultures and the openness to the integration of these cultures tocreate a competitive advantage. Lee (2018) argues that this competence andadaptability is gained through 3 steps the understanding of the individualsown culture and cultural lens, acquiring knowledge of other cultures, andimproving ones cultural intelligence. The exposure to different culturesthrough international assignments and working within a global organisation canassist with the gaining of knowledge of different norms and values (Crowne,2008). This exposure to different cultures neednt just be through work either,Crowne (2008) argues that globalisation has allowed for exposure to differentcultures through travel, study, and media such as television and film. Whilesome of these methods may have a greater impact, they are all important to thedevelopment of an understanding of different cultures.Crowne (2008) argues that any exposureto differen t cultures is directly associated with an individuals culturalintelligence, yet some methods of exposure such as expatriation, internationaleducation and travel have a greater impact. Cultural intelligence is defined asan individuals ability to effectively adapt to new cultures and has been foundto have a positive impact on integration into multicultural teams (Earley,2002). Furthermore, employees with higher cultural intelligence are able toadjust more easily to new cultures and show greater performance withinmulticultural teams and tasks (Templer et al, 2006). Cultural intelligence isborn through 4 main dimensions Cognitive gaining the knowledge of values andnorms of different cultures, Motivational the commitment to acquiring newknowledge and learn, Behavioural the ability to adapt to new culturalsituations, and Metacognitive the ability to monitor ones self, and toadjust based on new experiences (Lee, 2018 & Ang et al, 2007).The importance of culturalintelligence cannot be u nderestimated, as it assists individuals with seeingpast the stereotypes and perhaps xenophobic views of other cultures (Lee,2018). Furthermore, it stops an individual from casting judgement until all ofthe facts are known and available (Triandis, 2006 & Elenkov & Manev,2009). Interestingly, cultural intelligence is directly linked to cross-culturalcompetence, which reduces the pressure that may be associated with handlingdifficult decisions in culturally different environments and can increaseseffectiveness (Elenkov & Manev, 2009). Of course, the cultural intelligenceof the majority of individuals will increase through international assignmentsand working within a global organisation. Elenkov & Manev (2009) furtherthis argument and explain that cultural intelligence is vital for managerswithin organisations. The GLOBE project found that the leadership stylesfavoured or expected from country to country vary depending on the culturalvariables found in that context (Dorfman et al, 200 2), and it can be seen thatthe cultural intelligence and adaptability of managers and individuals is vitalto their performance and effectiveness in different cultures (Elenkov &Manev, 2009). It can therefore be argued that the greater the culturalintelligence of an individual, the more understanding, aware and open theyshould be to different cultures and therefore less prone to xenophobicattitudes (Lee, 2014).The emerging concept ofcosmopolitan global citizens is one still in debate. In its early conception,cosmopolitanism was seen to be an outlook which transcended national boundariesand complemented cultural intelligence (Woodward et al, 2008). The concept hasnow been developed to incorporate institutional, political, and culturaldimensions (Woodward et al, 2008). From a cultural perspective, mostresearchers have agreed that cosmopolitanism can be seen as an openness todifferent cultures as well as the values and beliefs that they may hold.Woodward et al (2008) argue that while an individual does not need to beglobally mobile to hold cosmopolitan values, the cultural exposure thatexpatriates experience may assist them with gaining the attitudes and valuesassociated with cosmopolitanism (Lee, 2014). Furthermore, cosmopolitan citizensare seen to be more engaged with others that identify as cosmopolitan citizensand hold similar worldviews (Lee, 2014). The concept therefore of acosmopolitan is that of an individual who defines themselves less as part of asingle national or cultural identity, and more as a global citizen who shouldbe less prone to xenophobic attitudes (Lee, 2014). This is supported by Ariely(2017) who showed that identifying as a cosmopolitan reduces xenophobicattitudes, a relationship which is moderated by the level of globalisation inthe individuals home country, with those exhibiting higher levels of globalisationdemonstrating a stronger negative relation between cosmopolitanism andxenophobic attitudes.The dictionary definition ofxenophobia i s the fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners, it is usuallythought that the term overlaps with racism, however, xenophobic behaviour is basedon the idea that an individual is different due to being a member of adifferent nation or social group (UNESCO, 2018). Ariely (2011) argues that theidea of xenophobia can be based on social identity theory which defines socialidentity as the differences between social groups with members feeling morestrongly associated to the group in which they belong. Xenophobic views aretherefore the result of social groups such as nations and culture, beingdifferent from one another (Ariely, 2011). Interestingly, the results ofglobalisation such as the development of cosmopolitan citizens, bi-culturalsand individuals showing a strong cultural intelligence seems to show that globalisationis causing to move towards a more homogenous global citizen identity, insteadof heterogeneous national identities (Ariely, 2011). Such superordinateidentities could red uce or eliminate differences between national identities,and therefore reduce xenophobic views. It is also important to recognisethat some research has shown globalisation to have the opposite effect, heighteningnationalistic identities and in turn perhaps causing xenophobic views againstthose seen with a different social or national identity (Ariely, 2011). Interestingly,Ariely (2011) found that in certain countries, while globalisation may decreasexenophobic attitudes in some people, it can increase them in others. While thisstudy was actually based on xenophobic views against immigrants it paints aninteresting picture that globalisation can have many different impacts ondifferent people within the same country, and that context is incrediblyimportant (Ariely, 2011). There are also negative aspects to consider such asthe accelerated flows of terrorism, which have only promoted xenophobicattitudes due to the placing of blame on the lack of national borders whichglobalisation has h ad a hand in reducing (Heine & Thakur, 2011).This essay explored the impactwhich globalisation has had upon individuals around the world. Whether acosmopolitan citizen, learned or born bi-cultural, or an individual that hasdeveloped a strong cultural intelligence, the ability to adapt and understandother cultures seems to reduce the ownership of xenophobic attitudes. The essayfound that as individuals gain a greater cultural intelligence, or identify ascosmopolitan or global citizens, they tend to identify less with their nationalculture/identity and identify more with a global identity. Using socialidentity theory from Ariely (2011), it can therefore be argued that whilexenophobia is usually based on the differences between social, cultural, ornational groups the fact that more people are identifying as global citizensis reducing the differences between these groups around the world, andtherefore reducing xenophobic attitudes.ReferencesAng, S., VanDyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K., Temple r, K., Tay, C. and Chandrasekar, N. (2007).Cultural Intelligence Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment andDecision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance. Management andOrganization Review, 3(03), pp.335-371.Ariely, G.(2011). Globalization, immigration and national identity How the level ofglobalization affects the relations between nationalism, constructivepatriotism and attitudes toward immigrants? Group Processes & IntergroupRelations, 15(4), pp.539-557.Ariely, G.(2016). Global identification, xenophobia and globalisation A cross-nationalexploration. International Journal of Psychology, 52, pp.87-96.Arnett, J.(2002). The psychology of globalization. American Psychologist, 57(10),pp.774-783.Berry, J.(2005). Acculturation Living successfully in two cultures. InternationalJournal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), pp.697-712.Buckley, P.and Ghauri, P. (2004). Globalisation, economic geography and the strategy ofmultinational enterprises. Journal of International Business Studies,35(2), pp.81-98.Collings,D., Scullion, H. and Morley, M. (2007). Changing patterns of global staffing inthe multinational enterprise Challenges to the conventional expatriateassignment and emerging alternatives. Journal of World Business, 42(2),pp.198-213.Crowne, K.(2008). What leads to cultural intelligence? Business Horizons, 51(5),pp.391-399.Dorfman, P.House, R., Javidan, M., and Hanges, P. (2002). Understanding cultures andimplicit leadership theories across the globe an introduction to projectGLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37(1), pp.3-10.Earley, P.(2002). Redefining interactions across cultures and organizations Movingforward with cultural intelligence. Research in Organizational Behavior,24, pp.271-299.Elenkov, D.and Manev, I. (2009). Senior expatriate leaderships effects on innovation andthe role of cultural intelligence. Journal of World Business, 44(4),pp.357-369.Gupta, A.and Govindarajan, V. (2002). Cultivating a global mindset. Academy ofManagement Exe cutive, 16(1), pp.116-126.Heine, J.and Thakur, R. (2018). The dark side of globalisation. onlineAvailable at https//www.cigionline.org/articles/dark-side-globalisation.Held, D. andMcGrew, A. (1999). Global Transformations. Cambridge Polity.Hong, Y.,Morris, M., Chiu, C. and Benet-Martnez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds Adynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. AmericanPsychologist, 55(7), pp.709-720.Lee, H-J., (2018). Global Leadershipand Cultural Intelligence.Lee, H-J., (2014) Global leadershippractices a cross-cultural management perspective, London Palgrave MacmillanSanchez, J.,Spector, P. and Cooper, C. (2000). Adapting to a boundaryless world Adevelopmental expatriate model. Academy of Management Perspectives,14(2), pp.96-106.Sideri, S.(1997). Globalisation and regional integration. The European Journal of DevelopmentResearch, 9(1), pp.38-82.Smith, A.D. (2007). Nationalism in decline? In M. Young, E. Zuelow & A. Strum(Eds.), Nationalism in a global era (pp. 1732 ). New York, NYRoutledge.Templer, K.,Tay, C. and Chandrasekar, N. (2006). Motivational Cultural Intelligence,Realistic Job Preview, Realistic Living Conditions Preview, and Cross-CulturalAdjustment. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), pp.154-173.Triandis, H.(2006). Cultural Intelligence in Organizations. Group & OrganizationManagement, 31(1), pp.20-26.UNESCO(2018). Xenophobia United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization. online Available at http//www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/xenophobia/.Woodward,I., Skrbis, Z. and Bean, C. (2008). Attitudes towards globalization andcosmopolitanism cultural diversity, personal consumption and the nationaleconomy. The British Journal of Sociology, 59(2), pp.207-226.

To Be Effective As A Counsellor Sociology Essay

To Be Effective As A Counsellor Sociology leavenThis essay leave al matchless look into what it meaning to be useful as a advocator. The characteristics that could be stayed to be found in an efficient counselor volition be discussed. Specific reference will be made as well as to the elbow rooms in which a lymph gland should life when they argon in the presence of an rough-and-ready advocate.Before a direction can be classified as either efficient or ineffective, it should be noned that a comprehensive translation of a direction, and since a counsellor can best be defined in impairment of counselling , then a clear-cut definition of counselling is necessary. consort to the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, a counsellor is a psyche who has been trained to declare adeptself people with problems, specially personal problems(p.332). This definition already gives one an estimation of how to define counselling- this can be defined as master copy advice to t he highest degree a problem. (p. 332). An approximately other way in which counselling can be defined is accordance with the Merriam-Webster Online dictionary , which says counselling is passkey guidance of the psyche by utilizing psychological methods especially in collecting case tarradiddle data, using various technique of the personal interview, and testing interests and attitudes (accessed 04/04/2012).These definitions are kinda informative, especially in terms of giving one an idea of what to expect a counsellor to be and what to expect from a counsellor or a counselling session. They offer insight into the type of setting a counsellor would work in, the field of study that a counsellor may have undertaken and such like. But one thing the aforementioned definitions overleap is the capacity to broaden ones prospects roughly counselling and the role of a counsellor in society. rede is merely limited to individual therapy and is taken no further. But a person who is dire ctly composite in counselling- be it a counsellor, a scholar of counselling or even a lymph gland who consults with a counsellor can agree that counselling is more than than just a professional advice or guidance its a professional affinity(counselling.org) because the counsellors engages in some form of interaction with his nodes , which he relates to each lymph gland differently from the next. This relationship is multidimensional, it is not only between the counsellor and client (well at to the lowest degree not in all cases), but is one that can lead a client to meet and relate with other professionals whether it be health professionals or otherwise. The counsellor as well, in some instances, would get to know more people than initially plannedthese people would be those that the counsellor would need to work with (referring clients to such people). These would be occupational therapists, psychiatrists, fiscal advisers, etc. This makes counselling a professional dynamic relationship which schools to avail the client who comes needing help of one kind or the other. Counselling involves a process, the aim of which is to help others to help themselves by fashioning better choices and befitting better choosers of options (iona-k-lister.suite101.com). So this relationship is not one that should be absor move back to personal matters only, because it is such a broad relationship that it has the capacity to indue diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education and career goals(counselling.org).What can a counsellor do to make a client nip galosh?As it has already been established, a counsellor must find that what he has with the client is more than just fee-for-serviceit is a special relationship (sci.csuhayward.edu). With this in drumhead, it becomes easier for the helper to make his client odor sound. Even if the client does not understand the nature of the relationship, the helper does and so shoul d guide the client to a knowledge of such information. Like in e genuinely relationship, both parties involved have a part to play a part which is especially meant to be played by the specific counterpart so it is with the professional relationship between the counsellor and the client.So if the client is not accepted of the relationship that is there between them, it is the counsellors duty to enlighten the client. And this will in fact be what can initiate the process of making the client feel safe. If a client does not know that he is in a relationship with the counsellor, the counsellors every effort to make the client feel safe will be virtually futile.One thing that a counsellor can do to make his client feel safe especially in individual therapy is try by all means necessary to eliminate feelings of humbleity on the part of the client. As was mentioned earlier, individuals are all different and unique. So a counsellor might detect that employing Alfred Adlers Individual Psychology in his counselling style might be ministrant in eliminating the aforementioned feelings. Inferiority takes normal feelings of incompetence and exaggerates them, making the individual feel as if it is impossible to achieve goals and therefore despondent to try(Friedman Schustack, 2012, p.115). A counsellor can also change his terminology, never trading his clients patients as some other health professionals do but grasp calling them clients, since this sounds more egalitarian and less pejorative(sci.csuhayward.edu).Making a client feel safe in the counselling setting is not lax, so if a counsellor can do that, this says a lot about his posture as a counsellor. They should be sufficient to show a client that they recognize the limits of their consume power(sci.csuhayward.edu) to help clients prevent feeling inferior show a unforcedness to learn about their culture, background, etc. Confidentiality is another(prenominal)(prenominal) work out in making a client feel safe not only in that, but as well in establishing and maintaining a strong therapeutic relationship(sci.csuhayward.edu). Whenever necessary, the counsellor should inform the client of the limits to confidentiality in the least threatening way possible. There is also the issue of multiple relationships an effective counsellor knows better than to form a relationship with a clients family fraction or any(prenominal)one else that is close to the client. He also does not form a non-professional relationship with people who already have a professional relationship formed with him, because this is destructive it can make it difficult for the client to feel safe in the counselling sessions.What Characteristics Should Effective Counsellors Possess?The main aim of this essay is to show what it means to be an effective as a counsellor, so it should be no surprise that throughout the essay, this question seems to be answered through the various answers to the previous questions that t he assignment raises. Qualities such as confidentiality, the might to guide clients toward productive goals, and the ability to establish and maintain relationships are seen already in previous sections of the essay.Other qualities, like empathy, two-dimensional controlling union and congruence are essential to beingness effective as a counsellor these will be discussed at a later stage. An principal(prenominal) aspect of an effective counsellor is the ability to facilitate fullexpression of the clients feelings, without diverting any attention to their own feelings(iona-k-lister.suite101.com). An effective counsellor must be adequate to listen to a client and have no prejudice. Although counsellors have their own judges, these should not be imposed on the client(iona-k-lister.suite101.com).According to iona-k-lister.suite101.com a proper counsellor is someone who can learn not to make judgements on behalf of the person being helped. Other traits that one might expect to dumbfound in an effective counsellor are patience and acceptance, which help the counsellor to refrain from showing contempt toward those clients that are not likeable. Education is another factor to consider people tend to think that since they have a Degree and are registered with the counsel, they know everything there is to know. Effective counsellors are willing to learn more about themselves, other counsellor, and even their clients. Social skills should also be looked into by a counsellor that wants to be effective as a counsellor, one meets many different people from different backgrounds and cultures so one has to know how to perceive all aspects of verbal and non-verbal communication. Another very important quality to possess is discretion, never revealing what others say or do within the counselling context. Because even if a counsellor does not say the other clients name the fact that he reveals a certain clients situation to another without the consent of that client, h e is perceived as unprofessional by the current client.(iona-k-lister.suite101.com www.sci.csuhayward.edu)How Important are Carl Rogers Core Conditions in Counselling?In browse to appreciate fully the importance of something, one should inaugural know what exactly the thing is. If that knowledge is not given, the acknowledgement will be but a task carried out to pass the time. Therefore, onwards the importance of the core conditions can be discussed, a clear definition of these will be given.According to Cormier Hackney(2012) empathy is the ability to identify with or understand the feelings and emotions of a client as if you were feeling that way, just without losing the as if quality(p.23). monotonic decreed regard is expressing to a client the qualities that make him feel that he is special and appreciated as a human being. Congruence is seen as the helpers ability to remain true to himself in the presence of the client. The act of being genuine and not allowing conformity to influence him in any way, especially when conforming to please a client.As defined by simplypsychololgy.org peremptory positive regard is where parents, significant others(and the humanist therapist) accept and love the person for what he or she is. Therefore, to be effective as a counsellor, one needs to be fortified with such a quality. Now it should be noted that unconditional positive regard works best when attended by empathy and congruence.Imagine a homosexual client comes for therapy he got unify to some man not long ago, and tells of how he met the man in university. He recently found out that the man is cheating with another man, whom he met on their honeymoon while they were away. The client says he does not know whether to divorce this husband or to separate with him for a while, since hes determination it so difficult to forgive him.The best response for an effective counsellor in a such a situation is expressing genuineness acknowledging to himself, perhaps, that he is uncomfortable with the whole gay thing, and that his opinion is just one way of looking at things so that he can more right away accept the clients lifestyle choice. This can help him develop unconditional positive regard, coupled with empathy towards the client. This is because if he is able to acknowledge that his discomfort with the clients attributes, it becomes easier to get into the clients domain and try to see things through the clients eyes(empathy). It is through this same empathy that unconditional positive regard will come about as he begins to shot what the client might be going through.How Important is Self-Care for the Counsellor? musical composition an enhanced regimen of self-care may sound like a healthy idea, most people are fuzzy on what self-care is and how to practice it(www.psychologytoday.com). And for this reason, it is invariably best to define something before attempting to describe it. It is as in warfare, a soldier has to have a well-rounded definition of his enemy, so that he should not wage war against soldiers that actually came to the assistance of his own country, intellection that they are the opposition.One way to look at self-care is to see it as something one does to improve (their) sense of subjective well-being(www.thefreelibrary.com). From to this definition, one can already see how important it is to exercise self-care as a counsellor. Imagine(bearing in mind the above definition) the counsellor who does not consider self-care to be of much value would this counsellor not be judgemental towards his clients? How will he be able to exercise empathy, positive regard and congruence with all his clients? Thus, self-care is important for the counsellor that seeks to be effective in his occupation.Contrary to popular belief, self-care is not an easy thing to practice. This belief springs from advertisers deception and their inability to define self-care clearly(psychologytoday.com). Many of us think that getting pedicures, choosing hand-dipped dark chocolates and buying thread count bed linens equal self-care. This, in actual fact, is self-pampering(www.psychologytoday.com). Self-pampering cannot improve ones sense of subjective well-being, neither can it equip one to practice congruence/genuineness, empathy or unconditional positive regard.According to psychologytoday.com the way to practice self-care is to choose behaviours that balance the make of emotional and physical stressors exercising, eating healthy foods, getting enough sleep, practicing yoga or meditation or relaxation techniques and the like. Another important factor that contributes to the effectiveness of self-care is learning to depend less on other people for healing, be it healing from emotional or even physical pain. Once a counsellor learns to be independent in these areas of his own life, then it will become very difficult for him to keep using his clients problems as a means of helping him deal with his own. So in es sence, self-care is necessary and helpful to the development of an effective counsellor.ConclusionThis essay has discussed and examined the meaning of an effective counsellor. It has looked into the basal meaning or definition of a counsellor in order to properly differentiate between just a counsellor and an effective one. The qualities that are important for helping a counsellor become effective in his expertise have been outlined. It has also been seen throughout this essay that being a counsellor especially an effective one is not as easy a task as it might appear a lifetime of commitment is necessary for this to be achieved.

Demand For Electricity

requisite For electrical naughtINTRODUCTIONIf future claim for electrical heartiness is to be matched by fair to middling supply, thusly it is essential that homunculuss argon built for estimating accurately, what the future make for electrical energy is likely to be. In order to accomplish this, it is necessary that the circumstanceors affecting electrical energy l alter be clearly indentified and quantified. It is level more than than crucial in the case of energy industries because, future energy hold requires investment expending today ( receivable to their huge seat of g everywherenment investment requirement and gigantic over relieve oneself patch).1 In other words, if a country should underestimate its future electrical energy contract, then it would nearly likely not make adequate hood investment in the present cartridge holder which would then result in a buncoage of electrical energy supply (when compared to want) in the future.One of the mo st influential circumstanceors affecting the hold for electrical energy is the harm of electrical energy.2 The footing of electricity has since been incorporated into the majority of electricity necessitate models.3 This composition tries to examine the do of the bell of electricity in the UK on its own electricity film. The focalise hither is to de boundine the price press stud of assume for the period 1980-2008 (annual succession series selective information) by the use of a loglinear regression model.The research paper will take the following format. Chapter one is the introduction, chapter two will be the literature review, chapter three will focus on the modelling progress and selective information analysis and chapter four will be the conclusion and findings. books REVIEW check snap beanAccording to scotch theory in that location is an inverse human relationship between the price of energy and the mensuration of energy strikeed. As energy prices ski tow the quantity of energy demanded f entirelys and frailty versa. Given that all other pointors are held constant4. Economic theory that postulates that the demand for energy is not as responsive to the changes in energy prices as compared to other commodities that are more responsive to their individual prices5. Economists lay price fictileity as consumers sensitivity to price changes or the storey of responsiveness of changes in quantity demanded to changes in prices and is given by the design below asSince price pliableity is the ratio of two partages, we then do not express it in any(prenominal) unit. damage elasticities are usually negative this is due to the inverse relationship between demand and price. need elasticities are of importly of two types which are elastic and springless. If the take to be of crack of demand fall within the absolute values of 0 to 1 then demand is said to be inflexible and this plenty be interpreted thus as a change in price result s in a less than proportionate change in quantity demanded. On the other hand if the values of ginger nut of demand compares to the absolute value of one or above one, then demand is said to be elastic. In the case where snatch of demand is equal to the absolute value of 1, it is interpreted as a change in price leads to a proportionate change in quantity demanded. If the cracking of demand is greater than the absolute value of 1 then it is interpreted thus as a change in price results in a more than a proportionate change in quantity demanded. For example in the nonresilient range, if price amplifications by 10 percent on a commodity with a price elasticity of -0.3 then the demand for the good falls by plainly 3 percent. However, in the case of the elastic range, a commodity with an elasticity of -2.0 would face a fall in demand of 20 percent, if price was to augment by 10 percent. This relationship passelnister be further illustrated in the purpose below.Figure 1 Relati onship of supply and demand with two demand deflectsFigure 1 demos a supply curve (S1) and two demand curves which ache different elasticities of demand (D1 and D1). D1 is more elastic than D1 (i.e. less steeper). At equilibrium, the supply curve S1, with both demand curves D1 and D1, have a parking area equilibrium price and quantity at P1 and Q1.Now, let us straight off assume that the supply curve shifts to the left due to advance an increase in the cost of production (i.e. the price of coal use to give in electricity). Then, the new equilibrium point will depend on the temperament of the demand curve that is used as shown in figure 2. If the demand curve is comparatively elastic at (D1), then prices will rise and demand will fall by a a great deal bigger amount when compared to the more springless demand curve (D1). notation here that with the inelastic demand curve, the price and quantity demanded (P2 and Q2) are much big than in the case of a more elastic demand curve at (P2 and Q2). In reality this grass be explained by the fact that, if the demand for a commodity is inelastic then, any increase in costs (for example generation costs as mentioned above) provide good be passed on to the consumers with start much reduction in supply, hence the larger price. On the other hand if the demand for the commodity were to be elastic then only a much smaller portion of the cost increase would be passed on to the consumer.Figure 2 Shows the takes of a shift in the Supply CurveWe give notice also contrive the effects of a shift in the demand curve on price and quantity. If we assume that demand curves were to shift turn outward to the right (i.e. increases) from (D1 to D2) and (D1 to D2) while supply is held constant then with a more elastic demand curve the equilibrium price and quantity (P2 and Q2) would be much lower berth than if demand were to be inelastic (i.e. P2 and Q2).Figure 3 Effects of a shift in the Demand CurveFrom the three above illustrations it is quite an clear that the resulting impact of changes in supply or demand on equilibrium price and quantity will vary in treaty to the nature of product elasticity.Price elasticities can be used to show how consumer demand responds to changes in price as well as the ease at which individuals can switch over to a substitute, when commodity prices go up. A consumer who has a fixed income has three choices of responding to price changes in the short term (a the consumer can switch over to a substitute b) they can purchase less of the commodity without any additional purchase of a substitute or (c he or she can still defile the alike quantity of good while cut back his or her enjoyment of other commodities that make up their total expenditure.In the case of electricity the degree at which it can be substituted is very hold. electricity can be used mainly for heating, lightening or a tolerant range of electric doojiggers such(prenominal) as (computers, televi sion roachs, printers, irons etc.). In the case of heating, a consumer may substitute the use of electricity for essential gas (and in the case of less developed countries may even substitute it for it for kerosene or firewood). However, the consumer also has the option of switching over to an appliance that uses a more energy conserving source. For end uses such as power supply for television sets, electricity has no substitutes. The consumer also has the option of purchasing a more efficient television set and maintaining the same level of service while use less electricity. Replacing appliances such as television sets may involve the change of a relatively expensive appliance and as such would take some time to do so. Since, this will involve a first initial capital outlay which in turn depends on the income of the consumer, frequency of wage fee and payment of bills schedules etc. The time period required by consumers to substitute a relatively expensive appliance in respon se to high energy prices is usually referred to as the bulky- assort adjustment time period.On this the basis of this analysis, it is expected that the price elasticity of demand is usually inelastic in the short unfreeze and more elastic in the long run. This is because in the short run the consumers options of responding to higher electricity prices are limited i.e. he is restricted to reactions such as, reducing his or her level of appliance utilisation (for example running the heater for lesser hours of the day) or reducing his expenditure on other commodities to maintain the same level of electricity consumption. In the long run yet, his options of responding to high energy prices are increase compared to the options he had in the short run. In the long run the consumer can fully respond to price changes by the purchase of appliances that are more efficient and/or the purchase of appliances that use a cheaper energy source. That is wherefore in the long run elasticities mo ve toward a more elastic range than in the short run.Earlier Literature on Price Elasticity of electrical energy DemandEarlier literature on electricity demand has revealed that the price elasticity of demand for electricity is relatively inelastic in the short run and tend to be relatively more elastic in the long run. The previous works written on price elasticity of demand are far in any case much to be fully discussed in this research. Therefore we shall focus on only the summary of a few.Taylor (1975) wrote one of the first literatures on electricity demand surveys. After carrying out reviews on various existing studies of moneymaking(prenominal), industrial and residential electricity demand, he reported the following (a in the case of residential demand for electricity, short term price elasticity ranged from -0.13 to -0.90 while long run price elasticities ranged from near 0 to -2.0. In the case of commercial demand, price elasticities were valued at -0.17 for the short ru n and -1.36 for the long run7.Boone kamp (2007) using the bottom up model on an annual selective information series for the period 1990-2000 reported that the household long term price elasticity ranged from -0.09 to 0.138.Pouris (1987) conducted an analysis for the elasticity of demand for electricity for southern Africa using data for the period (1950-1983) and determined that the long term price elasticity of electricity demand for the period was -0.90.9Bjoner and Jensen (2002) using a loglinear fixed effects model on panel data for the period of (1983-1996) notice that short term price elasticity to be -0.479.10Filippini and Pachuari (2002) using a loglinear model on a monthly household panel data series discovered that the household short term price elasticity for electricity ranged from -0.16 to 0.39.11Zimmerman and Bohi (1984) carried out a detailed review of existing studies of energy demand. They reported that superior general consensus figures for residential price el asticity of electricity were -0.2 in the short run and -0.7 in the long run. The range of estimates in commercial electricity was excessively volatile to provide any consensus on values.12Al Faris (2002) used an fallacy correction model to estimate short term price elasticity for UAE, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and Bahrain to range from-0.04 to- 0.18.13The analysis carried out was based on an annual time series data for the period 1970-1997.Garcia Cerruti (2000) calculated the price elasticity for residential demand for electricity in California to have an estimated mean value of -0.17.14In summary, earlier literature show that price elasticity of electricity demand are normally inelastic in the short run and tends to be more elastic in the long run. However, on the only price elasticity of electricity demand are usually inelastic (i.e. the absolute value of the co-efficient of price elasticity is usually below 1). casting APPROACH AND DATA ANALYSISAccording to Lin (2003)15 he identify that there were three major factors affecting the demand for electricity in any country which were, electricity prices (tariff), gross domestic product (Gross Domestic Product) and population. He went further to say that there were other factors as well contributing to the price of electricity which varied with different countries. Such factors includes nature of weather (i.e. people tend to use more electricity for heating purposes during cold seasons than in springy seasons) and changes in the structure of the economy.Pouris (1987)16 identified the two major factors affecting the demand for electricity as price and GDP.Using the common independent variables identified by both Lin and Pouris, we have the following modelLog EDt = a + b1LogPEt + b2 LogYt +EquationWhereEDt = Total electricity demand in period in a given year (Gwh)PEt = Average price of electricity in constant terms for a given year (/Kwh)Yt = GDP of country for period t in constant Billion Poundsa = Constantb1 =Price elasticity of electricity demandb2 =Income elasticity of electricity demand= Disturbance term (represents all other factors affecting the demand for electricity)We use the log functional form because it enables us easily determine the price elasticity for electricity demand which is the regression coefficient of price. The price elasticity of demand for electricity is also assumed to be constant.17The data used for the period is in constant terms and aggregated at the depicted object level. We express our data in constant terms because we would like to take out the effects of inflation. The data used is aggregated at a national level because it tends to provide a more stable relationship between independent and dependent variables. Pouris (1987)18 cited Ehrenbergs (1975)19 work in which he (Ehrenberg) argued that the advances in physical sciences are to a great extent due to the fact that simple relationships (laws) are achievable because they usually account for the collective b ehavior of million entities. Pouris (1987) then argued further that, the success of finding laws in well-disposed sciences would be in likely areas where behaviour of large individuals or objects can be aggregated.From the above table we can see that the price elasticity of demand for electricity (for the UK) is approximately -0.15 which agrees with economic theory that(a elasticities of demand are inversely related to price as shown by the negative coefficient of price elasticity and (b price elasticity of demand for electricity tends to be inelastic i.e. having an absolute value below one.Also we do not balk the result due to the high R2 = 0.9688 (co-efficient of determination) and the fact that the result is statistically monumental i.e. the absolute t values for real GDP and real electricity prices are above 2. time their (real GDP and real electricity prices) P values are below 5%.The table below shows the data (for U.K.) used in carrying out the regression analysis.The dem and for electricity data and average electricity prices were sourced from the Economic and Social Data Services (ESDS) website. While the Real GDP and Consumer prices were obtained from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) websiteCONCLUSION/FINDINGSThe price elasticity of electricity demand for the period (2008-2020) is about -0.15, which is consistent with economic theory that the co-efficient of price elasticities tend to have negative values and that the price elasticities for electricity tend to be inelastic. If we assume that the price elasticity for all organization and individuals in the U.K. lies close to this value (-0.15) and is constant through out time, then such information could have various implications for the economy.Firstly, an inelastic demand for electricity, would mean that there would be little or no administration intervention required on the supply side (existing producers and suppliers) to ensure that producers and suppliers of electricity are able to brea keven (recover costs from generated revenue). This is because an inelastic demand for electricity (with adore to price) would mean that whenever there is an increase in demand and producers have to increase their supply in order to match the rising demand, the costs associated with change magnitude supply can easily be passed on to the consumer. As such, the governing could be able to focus on other activities such as the provision and maintenance of public roads, hospital, and schools.Secondly, it would enable the government easily pass renewable energy targets set in the power generating sector, due to the fact that the potential increases in costs arising from setting renewable energy targets can easily be transferred to the consumer (due to inelastic nature of electricity demand). The government should however ensure that the targets are set in a fair main manner such that the impact of the targets are felt by all power generators in a similar way and that no unwarrantable advantage is given to any one single producer due to the implementation of such targets. Furthermore the government should ensure that the targets are set in such a way that it does not increase tariffs too much so that consumers cannot easily afford their bills. Which in turn would then reduce demand drastically (since the consumers in the short run have the option of turning of their appliances) and hence, adversely affect supply as producers may not be able to recover all their fixed cost. If this effect (rising prices drastically affecting demand) is unavoidable then the government should adopt policies that could see in improving the disposable income of its citizens.BIBLIOGRAPHYPRIMARY SOURCESSECONDARY SOURCESBooksArticles lay in Lin Q. (2003) Electricity Demand in the Peoples Republic of China Investment unavoidableness and environmental Impact at, www.adb.org/Documents/ERD/Working_Papers/wp037.pdf (Last Visited on twenty-sixth of April 2010) go after A. Bernstein and James Griffin (2005) scallywag 2 Regional Differences in the Price-Elasticity of Demand for elan vital Pittsburgh U.S.A. Rand Corporation insure Lijesen G. The Real-Time Price Elasticity of Electricity in Science orient postcode Economics 29 (2007) 251 Elsevier at, www.wlsevier.com/locate/eneco (Last Visited on 26th of April 2010)Pindyck 1979, The Characteristics of Energy Demand, in Energy conservation and Public Policy , (Ed.)J. Sawhill Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Pouris A. (1987) The Price Elasticity of Electricity Demand in South Africa at, http//www.informaworld.com/smpp/contentdb=allcontent=a739318120 (Last Visited April 2010)OthersBohi, D. (1981) Analysing Demand Behavior A Study of Energy Elasticities, John Hopkins University Press for the Future Inc., BaltimoreEhrenberg A. (1975) Data Reduction Analysing and Interpreting statistical Data, Wiley-Interscience, London.Kotze, D. and Cooper, C. (1985) Energy Projections for South Africa, Institute of Energy Studies, Ran d Afrikaans University, RSA.Venter, G and Basson, J. (1986) Quo-Vadis, matter Non-Nuclear Energy Research in South Africa, Paper Presented in the South African National Committee of World Energy Conference, CSIR Pretoria 9-10, June. give-up the ghost Time and Costs EIA/DOE Electricity Market Model (2010) at, www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/ confidence/pdf/electricity.pdf (Last Visited April 2010)Subhes B. and Andon B. (unpublished) Domestic Demand for Petroleum Products in MENA countries at, http//www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/gateway/index.php?category=13 (Last Visited on 26th April 2010)WebsiteEconomics and Social Data Services website at, http//www.esds.ac.uk/(Last Visited on 26th April 2010)International Monetary Fund Website at, http//www.imf.org/external/index.htm(Last Visited on 26th April 2010)For Details of Lead Time and Costs see EIA/DOE Electricity Market Model (2010) at, www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/assumption/pdf/electricity.pdf (Last Visited April 2010)Pindyck 1979, The Characteristic s of Energy Demand, in Energy Conservation and Public Policy , (Ed.)J. Sawhill Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Pouris A. (1987) The Price Elasticity of Electricity Demand in South Africa at, http//www.informaworld.com/smpp/contentdb=allcontent=a739318120 (Last Visited April 2010)Mark A. Bernstein and James Griffin (2005) paginate 2 Regional Differences in the Price-Elasticity of Demand for Energy Pittsburgh U.S.A. Rand CorporationID tint 4supra Note 4Supra Note 4Mark Lijesen G. The Real-Time Price Elasticity of Electricity in Science Direct Energy Economics 29 (2007) 251 Elsevier at, www.wlsevier.com/locate/eneco (Last Visited on 26th of April 2010)Supra Note 3 pageboy 1Supra Note 8 page 251Supra Note 8 page 251Supra Note 4 page 13Supra Note 8 page 251Supra NoteBin Lin Q. (2003) Electricity Demand in the Peoples Republic of China Investment Requirement and Environmental Impact page 5-6 at www.adb.org/Documents/ERD/Working_Papers/wp037.pdf (Last Visited on 26th of April 2010)S upra Note 3Subhes B. and Andon B. (unpublished) Domestic Demand for Petroleum Products in MENA countries page 10-11,at, http//www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/gateway/index.php?category=13 (Last Visited on 26th April 2010)Supra Note 3 page 1271ID note 18